The Carnation Revolution

A largely bloodless military coup that ended Portugal's dictatorship and led to democracy.

Background

Portugal had lived under the authoritarian Estado Novo since the 1930s. Costly colonial wars in Africa, economic stagnation and emigration wore down support for the regime, especially among junior army officers.

Course of events

On 25 April 1974 the Armed Forces Movement began a coup, signalled by the broadcast of a banned song on the radio. Crowds took to the streets and gave soldiers red carnations, which gave the revolution its name. The government of Marcelo Caetano surrendered with almost no bloodshed.

Legacy

Portugal granted independence to its African colonies, and a democratic constitution was approved in 1976. The country later joined the European Community in 1986.